- Before macOS, and before OS X, there was just Mac OS. This is often referred to as “Classic” Mac OS. It includes System 1 all the way up to Mac OS 9.x. I started using a Mac with System 6 on a Macintosh Classic. Then I moved up to a Macintosh IIsi running System 7. Finally, after the PowerPC transition, I used a Power Macintosh 8500 which ran all of the later versions of “Classic” Mac.
- Mac OS X has developed a reputation for being especially secure, and more secure than Windows, primarily because of the dearth of viruses and malware that target the Mac platform.
- A quick and efficient antivirus app is a vital tool for keeping your Mac safe. Antivirus software protection is a must for your device, but there are still cyber hacks that can penetrate it.
- The Apple M1 chip with built-in Secure Enclave brings the same powerful security capabilities of iPhone to Mac — protecting your login password, automatically encrypting your data, and powering file-level encryption so you stay safe. And the Apple M1 chip keeps macOS secure while it’s running, just as iOS has protected iPhone for years.
To prevent a user from accidentally or deliberately changing, moving, or deleting important data, you can lock cells and protect them. Locking cells takes two steps: adding the Lock formatting to the cells, and then turning on protection of the sheet.
Developer(s) | Apple Inc. |
---|---|
Initial release | September 16, 2015; 5 years ago |
Operating system | macOS |
Included with | OS X El Capitan (OS X 10.11) and later |
Type | Computer security software |
Website | developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Security/Conceptual/System_Integrity_Protection_Guide/Introduction/Introduction.html |
System Integrity Protection (SIP,[1] sometimes referred to as rootless[2][3]) is a security feature of Apple's macOSoperating system introduced in OS X El Capitan (2015) (OS X 10.11). It comprises a number of mechanisms that are enforced by the kernel. A centerpiece is the protection of system-owned files and directories against modifications by processes without a specific 'entitlement', even when executed by the root user or a user with root privileges (sudo).
Apple says that the root user can be a significant risk factor to the system's security, especially on systems with a single user account on which that user is also the administrator. SIP is enabled by default, but can be disabled.[4][5]
Justification[edit]
Apple says that System Integrity Protection is a necessary step to ensure a high level of security. In one of the WWDC developer sessions, Apple engineer Pierre-Olivier Martel described unrestricted root access as one of the remaining weaknesses of the system, saying that '[any] piece of malware is one password or vulnerability away from taking full control of the device'. He stated that most installations of macOS have only one user account that necessarily carries administrative credentials with it, which means that most users can grant root access to any program that asks for it. Whenever a user on such a system is prompted and enters their account password – which Martel says is often weak or non-existent – the security of the entire system is potentially compromised.[4] Restricting the power of root is not unprecedented on macOS. For instance, versions of macOS prior to Mac OS X Leopard enforce level 1 of securelevel, a security feature that originates in BSD and its derivatives upon which macOS is partially based.[6]
Functions[edit]
The 'prohibitory symbol'[7] is shown when macOS is not allowed to complete the boot process. This can happen when 'kext signing' is enabled and the user installed an unsigned kernel extension.
Protect Knight Mac Os Catalina
System Integrity Protection comprises the following mechanisms:
- Protection of contents and file-system permissions of system files and directories;
- Protection of processes against code injection, runtime attachment (like debugging) and DTrace;
- Protection against unsigned kernel extensions ('kexts').
System Integrity Protection protects system files and directories that are flagged for protection. This happens either by adding an extended file attribute to a file or directory, by adding the file or directory to
/System/Library/Sandbox/rootless.conf
or both. Among the protected directories are: /System
, /bin
, /sbin
, /usr
(but not /usr/local
).[8] The symbolic links from /etc
, /tmp
and /var
to /private/etc
, /private/tmp
and /private/var
are also protected, although the target directories are not themselves protected. Most preinstalled Apple applications in /Applications
are protected as well.[1] The kernel, XNU, stops all processes without specific entitlements from modifying the permissions and contents of flagged files and directories and also prevents code injection, runtime attachment and DTrace with respect to protected executables.[9]Since OS X Yosemite, kernel extensions, such as drivers, have to be code-signed with a particular Apple entitlement. Developers have to request a developer ID with such an entitlement from Apple.[10] The kernel refuses to boot if unsigned extensions are present, showing the user a prohibition sign instead. This mechanism, called 'kext signing', was integrated into System Integrity Protection.[4][11]
System Integrity Protection will also sanitize certain environmental variables when calling system programs when SIP is in effect. For example, SIP will sanitize LD_LIBRARY_PATH and DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH before calling a system program like /bin/bash to avoid code injections into the Bash process.[12]
Configuration[edit]
The directories protected by SIP by default include:[13]
/System
/sbin
/bin
/usr
/Applications
/usr
is protected with the exception of /usr/local
subdirectory. /Applications
is protected for apps that are pre-installed with Mac OS, such as Calendar, Photos, Safari, Terminal, Console, App Store, and Notes.[13]System Integrity Protection can only be disabled (either wholly or partly) from outside of the system partition. To that end, Apple provides the
csrutil
command-line utility which can be executed from a Terminal window within the recovery system or a bootable macOS installation disk, which adds a boot argument to the device's NVRAM. This applies the setting to all of the installations of El Capitan or macOS Sierra on the device.[4] Upon installation of macOS, the installer moves any unknown components within flagged system directories to /Library/SystemMigration/History/Migration-[UUID]/QuarantineRoot/
.[1][4] By preventing write access to system directories, the system file and directory permissions are maintained automatically during Apple software updates. As a result, permissions repair is not available in Disk Utility[14] and the corresponding diskutil
operation.Reception[edit]
Reception of System Integrity Protection has been mixed. Macworld expressed the concern that Apple could take full control away from users and developers in future releases and move the security policy of macOS slowly toward that of Apple's mobile operating systemiOS, whereupon the installation of many utilities and modifications requires jailbreaking.[2][15] Some applications and drivers will not work to their full extent or cannot be operated at all unless the feature is disabled, either temporarily or permanently. Ars Technica suggested that this could affect smaller developers disproportionately, as larger ones may be able to work with Apple directly. However, they also remarked that by far most users, including power users, will not have a reason to turn the feature off, saying that there are 'almost no downsides' to it.[1]
See also[edit]
- Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux)
References[edit]
- ^ abcdCunningham, Andrew; Hutchinson, Lee (September 29, 2015). 'OS X 10.11 El Capitan: The Ars Technica Review—System Integrity Protection'. Ars Technica. Retrieved September 29, 2015.
- ^ abCunningham, Andrew (June 17, 2015). 'First look: OS X El Capitan brings a little Snow Leopard to Yosemite'. Ars Technica. Retrieved June 18, 2015.
- ^Slivka, Eric (June 12, 2015). 'OS X El Capitan Opens Door to TRIM Support on Third-Party SSDs for Improved Performance'. MacRumors. Retrieved June 18, 2015.
- ^ abcdeMartel, Pierre-Olivier (June 2015). 'Security and Your Apps'(PDF). Apple Developer. pp. 8–54. Archived(PDF) from the original on April 23, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
- ^'Configuring System Integrity Protection'. Mac Developer Library. Apple. September 16, 2015. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
- ^Garfinkel, Simon; Spafford, Gene; Schwartz, Alan (2003). Practical UNIX and Internet Security. O'Reilly Media. pp. 118–9. ISBN9780596003234.
- ^'About the screens you see when your Mac starts up'. Apple Support. August 13, 2015. Archived from the original on April 21, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
- ^'About System Integrity Protection on your Mac'. Apple Support. May 30, 2016. Archived from the original on March 20, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
- ^'What's New In OS X - OS X El Capitan v10.11'. Mac Developer Library. Apple. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
Code injection and runtime attachments to system binaries are no longer permitted.
- ^'Kernel Extensions'. Mac Developer Library. Apple. September 16, 2015. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
- ^'Trim in Yosemite'. Cindori. Retrieved June 18, 2015.
- ^Walton, Jeffrey (March 28, 2020). 'Nettle 3.5.1 and OS X 10.12 patch'. nettle-bugs (Mailing list). Retrieved 13 July 2020.
- ^ ab'How to Check if System Integrity Protection (SIP) is Enabled on Mac'. OS X Daily. August 1, 2018. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
- ^'OS X El Capitan Developer Beta 2 Release Notes'. Mac Developer Library. Apple. June 22, 2015. At section Notes and Known Issues. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
- ^Fleishman, Glenn (July 15, 2015). 'Private I: El Capitan's System Integrity Protection will shift utilities' functions'. Macworld. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
External links[edit]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=System_Integrity_Protection&oldid=1010691028'
![Protect Protect](https://macgamesbox.com/wp-content/uploads/Portal-Knights-for-MacBook-gameplay-1024x576.png)
System Integrity Protection is a security technology in OS X El Capitan and later that's designed to help prevent potentially malicious software from modifying protected files and folders on your Mac. System Integrity Protection restricts the root user account and limits the actions that the root user can perform on protected parts of the Mac operating system.
Before System Integrity Protection, the root user had no permission restrictions, so it could access any system folder or app on your Mac. Software obtained root-level access when you entered your administrator name and password to install the software. That allowed the software to modify or overwrite any system file or app.
System Integrity Protection includes protection for these parts of the system:
- /System
- /usr
- /bin
- /sbin
- /var
- Apps that are pre-installed with OS X
Paths and apps that third-party apps and installers can continue to write to include: Bienvenue mac os.
- /Applications
- /Library
- /usr/local
System Integrity Protection is designed to allow modification of these protected parts only by processes that are signed by Apple and have special entitlements to write to system files, such as Apple software updates and Apple installers. Apps that you download from the Mac App Store already work with System Integrity Protection. The amish fight back mac os. Other third-party software, if it conflicts with System Integrity Protection, might be set aside when you upgrade to OS X El Capitan or later. Pixelnaut mac os.
Protect Knight Mac Os X
System Integrity Protection also helps prevent software from selecting a startup disk. To select a startup disk, choose System Preferences from the Apple menu, then click Startup Disk. Or hold down the Option key while you restart, then choose from the list of startup disks.